米拉外教：英語句型轉換十法淺探

同義語修辭轉換是英語教學常用的一種方法，在轉換過程中，除了形式上的變化以外，它們之間也存在著細微的語義和語用之間的差別。
通過轉換練習與對它們之間差別的鑑別，學生不但可以正確理解原句，擴大詞彙量，熟練句型，而且可以養成遣詞造句與靈活得體地運用語言的能力，從而培養英語語感與語言鑑賞能力。英語的轉換方法有哪些，今天米拉外教就帶大家了解一下

常見的轉換方法英語有以下十種：替代(substitution)、移級(rank-shift)、聯合(combination)、嵌飾(embedment)、分解(decomposition)、換置(transposition)、約縮(condensation)、擴展(expansion)、引述(reporting)和釋義(interpretation)。
一、同義語可替代，替代求左右搭配

英語中同義與近義語很多，用另一個詞語來替代句中的同義或近義語而不改變語義的現象叫替代。

從語義上看，詞語之間主要存在有三種關係: 相似、內包與對比，也就是三類詞語：同義詞、類義詞與反義詞。從語用上看，它們可分別用於口頭、書面、莊重、幽默、粗俗、學術等不同文體中，也可以用於不同的時間、地點、人物等不同的場合中

1、同義詞

例如：1) The fireman extinguished a fire. (正式書面用語)The fireman put out a fire. （非正式口頭用語）
2) Most children like candies. (美式英語)Most children like sweets.（英式英語）
3) What he said hurt me.(語氣莊重而嚴肅)What he said bit me. （隱喻體現幽默）
4) I apprehended the perpetrator. (正式用語，法庭上對法官的用語)I collared the creep. (口語，如在酒吧對同事的用語)
5) You have lied. (直接，語氣較強 )You have distorted the facts. (間接，語氣委婉)
6) It’s rather chilly this morning. (在夏季時使用)It’s rather cold this morning. （在冬季時使用）
7) The climbers zigzagged their way up the mountains. (形象，具體)The climbers made their way up the mountains. (抽象，一般)

2、類義詞

類義詞表示詞所代表的概念之間的類屬關係。一組類義詞由表示類概念的上義詞與表示種概念的下義詞組成。它們之間的關係為語義內包，即種概念內包於類概念之中。
類概念加屬差等於種概念，或種概念減屬差等於類概念。也就是說，上義詞加上適當的修飾語便可替代與其對應的下義詞。上義詞表達通俗易懂，屬一般常見詞語；下義詞表達生動形象準確，屬於具體詞彙，但使用範圍小，增加了語言學習的難度。例如：
1) A drizzle will save the dried crops.A fine rain will saved the dried crops.
2) A stroll after meal benefits you a good deal.A leisured walk after meal benefits you a good deal.
3) She remained calm under the gaze of so many angry eyes.She remained calm under the steady look of so many angry eyes.
4) Only by sipping can tea be properly tasted.Only by drinking slowly can tea be properly tasted

3、反義詞

反義詞有助於理解某些詞的準確含義，通過加上否定詞或否定前綴便可以替代那些在意義上相反的詞語，但從語用角度來看，加否定詞語氣較強。例如：
1） Many of his friends were there.Not a few of his friends were there.
2) You are careless.You are not careful.
3) Remember me to your uncle.Don』t forget me to your uncle.
以上三類主要是從語義和語用方面對同義語轉換進行分析，有許多詞語語義相同，但搭配不同，因此在同義語轉換的過程中，還要注意左右搭配，務求表達形式的正確性。例如：
1） He is the greatest living novelist. （前置定語）He is the greatest novelist alive. （後置定語）
2) What he said affected us much. (動詞)What he said had a great effect on us. （名詞）
3）This is a high building.（修飾物體）He is a tall man. （修飾人與物）

二、派生詞可移級，移級求動靜虛實

移級就是詞級的移動，其轉換過程是以派生詞的詞類轉換或句法的功能轉換為根據的。

詞級可分為三級：名詞、代詞為一級；動詞、形容詞為二級；副詞為三級；低一級詞彙僅修飾上一級詞，不越級修飾。移級可以分為升級與降級：副詞變成形容詞或動詞、形容詞變成名詞為升級（名詞化現象），反之為降級。

移級不僅顯示詞語句法功能的移動，同時也引起句義重心的轉移，降級移動則句義由靜變動，由實詞變虛詞，描述事物的運動過程；升級由動變靜，由虛詞變實詞，描述事物的性質與狀態。

在這種轉換過程中，不僅要指導學生明確詞形和搭配上的變化，更要明確移級後的語義和語用差別。否則會導致語義重心的轉移、歧義、甚至語病。例如：
1、He died in the accident last year.（強調動作）He was dead in the accident last year.（此句描述的是動作，而 was dead 表示死亡的狀態，什麼時間和原因死的為未知信息，從語義和語用上看，此句是病句）
2、There he fought bravely.（強調人物動作）There he showed bravery in fighting.（強調人物動作特徵）There he was brave in fighting.（強調人物品質）There he proved a brave fighter.（強調結果）
3、He walked home quiet.He walked home quietly.
這兩句話容易誤解，但從詞級修飾規律來看，第一句quiet為形容詞，不修飾動詞，故修飾代詞he, 因此，第一句話的意思為：He walked home and he was quiet，暗含他可能不高興。
第二句的quietly 為副詞，故修飾動詞walked,強調慢慢地走路的方式，暗含怕驚動別人。
4、He was reluctant to go there. （暗含他可能根本沒有去）He went there with reluctance. （他不情願地去了）
5、It is important to study Chinese well.

It is of great / much /no / little importance to study Chinese well.

He hates staying at home.He has / feels / bears / conceives a hatred of staying at home.
在以上兩句形容詞與動詞名詞化過程中，它們不但詞級上升，而且搭配能力增強，信息量增加，使語言表達更加具體豐富。
三、組長句可聯合，聯合分並列復合

聯合指運用連詞或副詞將邏輯上有一定關係的簡單句聯結起來的轉換過程，可分為並列聯合與復合聯合，轉換後成並列句與復合句。連詞與副詞在轉換過程中不僅起著聯結作用，更體現了語義上的邏輯關係。

常見的有下例十種關係：添加、對比、讓步、條件、時間、原因、目的、結果、比較與方式。從語用來看，聯合使語篇連貫，結構嚴謹，邏輯層次分明，語義明確。例如
1、You are my friend ; He is my friend too. （添加）He, as well as you, is my friend.Not only you but also he is my friend.
2、He loves music; His wife hates it.（對比）He loves music while his wife hates it.
3、He is a child; He knows a lot. (讓步)Child as he is, he knows a lot.Though he is a child, he knows a lot.
4、Make a little more effort; You will succeed. (條件)Make a little more effort and you』ll succeed.If you make a little more effort, you』ll succeed.
5、I was taking a walk; I came across my old friend. （時間）I was taking a walk when I came across my old friend.I came across my old friend while I was taking a walk.
6、It was raining hard; I stayed at home. (因果)It was raining hard, therefore, I stayed at home.It was raining hard, so I stayed at home.Because it was raining hard, I stayed at home.
7、I left the door open; The cat could get in. (目的)I left the door open so that / in order that the cat could get in.
8、He broke the rules of the school; He had to leave. (結果)He broke the rules of the school. As a result, he had to leave.
9、He has little money; I have little money too. （比較）He has no more money than I do.
10、Do this exercise; You have been taught how to do it. （方式）Do this exercise as / in the way you have been taught.

四、加細節可嵌飾，嵌飾顯邏輯層次

嵌飾是一種添加細節的句型轉換方法，它以一個單句為基礎，將其它與此句有邏輯關係的短語與句子嵌入基礎句，使其成為該基礎句某個成分的修飾語，主要是名詞修飾語

嵌飾與聯合一樣，運用組合方式生成長句，以表達複雜、豐富而具體的含義，使語篇行文流暢而富有節奏，主次分明，凸顯語篇邏輯層次。

修飾語與基幹詞語合成復合短語，修飾語一般位於基幹詞前，如果是短語或句子則後置，常見的後置修飾成分有介詞短語、非謂語動詞短語和關係從句。例如：

1、I like your salad; It’s tasty.I like your tasty salad.
2、She had a daughter; She was five years old.She had a five-year-old daughter.
3、We should put the things in a room; Let’s find a room first.Let’s find a room first to put the things in.
4、The teacher helped me in my study; I made great progress.Helped by the teacher, I made great progress.
5、He was killed in an accident; Have you heard the news?Have you news heard the news that he was killed in an accident？
6、He is absent; I know the reason.I know the reason why he is absent.
五、冗長句可分解，分解為舍長求短

復合句與嵌飾成分雖然能夠突出語篇重點，顯示語篇邏輯層次，結構嚴謹，但有時句子冗長，結構繁雜，層次過多會增加了理解難度，因此可通過分解法來使複雜句變成簡單句，從而使表達簡單明了。分解轉換可以簡化結構，澄清句義，是課堂教學難句釋義的基本手段。
例如：Communications changed with the introduction of mobile phones and the way we corresponded went from writing letters to emailing. We started flying around the world and meanwhile, scientists figured out how to split the atom,previously thought to be the smallest particle of the matter in the universe. (lesson2, unit20, module7. 北師大版)
本段含有with介詞短語，定語從句we corresponded, how引導的不定式復合結構作賓語和過去分詞短語 thought to be…作定語，可分解為下文：
As the mobile phones were introduced, communications changed. We also corresponded in a different way and it went from writing letters to emailing. We started flying around the world and meanwhile scientists figured out how they could split the atom. Scientists previously thought the atom was the smallest particles of the matter in the universe.
六、平直句可換置，換置乃調整順序

換置是為了突出語義重點或平衡句子結構而對句子語序的重新調整。長句的開頭與結尾一般為語義的重點所在，所以，在句子轉換中我們常把需要強調的詞語置於句首或句尾，這種改變句子語序的轉換過程叫換置。例如：

1、I admire his learning, but I despise his character.His learning I admire, but his character I despise. （強調，加強語氣）
2、I have seldom met him in the street.Seldom have I met him in the street. （強調）
3、The door opened and a man came in.The door opened and in came a man. (強調，暗含那人不該進入)
4、The hunter killed the tiger.The tiger was killed by the hunter.
從資訊理論角度來看，第一句 the hunter是已知信息，killed the tiger是新信息；第二句 the tiger是已知信息，was killed是新信息, by the hunter則可能是強調新信息，暗含是獵人殺的，而不是其他人。
5、How to solve the problem remains a question.It remains a question how to solve the problem. （平衡句子結構）
6、A village lies at the foot of the mountain.At the foot of the mountain lies a village. (平衡句子結構，在語篇中起銜接作用)

七、大化小可約縮，約縮為刪繁就簡

約縮是用較小的語言單位替代原句中較大的語言單位或用較短的表達法替代較長的表達法來完成句子轉換的一種方法，也就是省略法，符合語言表達簡潔原則

常見的情況是將復合句轉換成簡單句，這種約縮轉換一般是以短語替代從句來完成的。例如：

1、What he said is right. His words are right.（名詞短語）
2、As he was eager for success, he overworked himself.Eager for success, he overworked himself. （形容詞短語）
3、Please show me how I』m to start the machine.Please show me how to start the machine. （不定式短語）
4、She is so old that she can』t learn computer. She is too old to learn computer. （不定式短語）
5、If it were not for the sun, there would be no life.But for the sun, there would be no life. (介詞短語)
6、He liked the windows open when he slept.He liked to sleep with the windows open. (介詞短語)
7、As she saw nobody was at home, she decided to leave a note.Seeing nobody at home, she decided to leave a note. (分詞短語)
八、小變大可擴展，擴展求枝而不蔓

擴展與約縮正好相反，它是用結構完整的句子替代省略句，或用結構舒展和表意具體的句式替代那些結構緊縮表意抽象的句式，如成語。

這種在句義上的擴充和在結構上的延伸主要用於注釋句義、添加細節和平衡句子長短，具體例句見約縮部分，這裡不在贅述。
九、他人語可引述，引述分直接間接

引述指引用他人的話語來進行論述，直接引用為直接引語；用自己的話來轉述他人的話語為間接引語。

當直接引語轉換成間接引語時，人稱、時態、地點、語序等要做相應的變化，這是引述轉換的難點，在陳述句、祈使句、疑問句和感嘆句轉述中，感嘆句是最難的。
例如：1、The man asked, 「 Will you help me?」 （一般疑問句）The man asked whether / if I could help him.
2、「 When will you come here ?」asked he. (特殊疑問句)He wanted to know when I would go there.
3、He said to me, 「 please come again tomorrow.」 （祈使句）He asked me to go there again the next day.
4、He said 「 I don』t know the news.」 （陳述句）He said that he didn』t know the news.
5、He shouted to me, 「 go away!」（祈使句）She ordered me to go away.
6、「 How beautiful our school is!」 said he. （感嘆句）He exclaimed that their school was very beautiful.
十、形象語可釋義，釋義含釋喻解釋

釋喻在句子轉換過程中是指把那些含有比喻或借代以及那些具有特殊修辭效果的句子加以詮釋的轉換過程。語言表達可以直言其事，也可以借用比喻。比喻就是形象化的表達，形象化的表達增強了語言的表現力和美感。

由於形象化的表達是以聯想與對比為基礎的，不同的民族與不同的文化環境會使人產生不同的聯想，養成不同事物比較的習慣，因此對英語中比喻和典故我們往往覺得很難理解，更不用說運用了。

因此我們有必要通過釋喻轉換來理解。常見的比喻有以下幾種：明喻、隱喻、借代（轉喻）、誇張、婉言法、反語、雙關等。例如：
1、The moon is like a silver plate. （明喻）The moon is round and bright.
2、She was the apple of his eyes. （隱喻）He loves her dearly.
3、Rob stormed out of the house and slammed the door. （借喻）Rob was very angry and went out of the house quickly and slammed the door.
4、The wind was whispering in the pines. （擬人）The wind was blowing past the pines.
5、The kettle is boiling. （借代）The water in the kettle is boiling.
6、Blood streams down from his forehead. (誇張)Blood runs down from his forehead.
7、He passed away three years ago. (婉言法)He died three years ago.
8、Seven days without water make one weak / week.（雙關）Without water for seven days one becomes weak.
總之，句型轉換是基於語言內部的同義關係，通過結構的變換與詞語的替代來轉換生成同義句型。這種轉換既促進了對語法結構的理解與掌握，也加深了對語義的理解，另外也提高了學生對不同句型的語用功能的辨別。
在轉換的過程中，語言形式、語義與語用三者結合於一體，提高了學生語言運用的準確性、豐富性與得體性，同時大量的操練過程中，語言語用也趨於熟練。