Karot Hydroelectric Power Station:towards a stable supply of electricity in Pakistan

《一帶一路報道》記者 李卉嬪

7月末的巴基斯坦進入了雨季。清晨，位於旁遮普省的卡洛特水電站項目營地上空黑雲壓頂，暴雨如注。即使是這樣惡劣的天氣，水電站建設現場仍然是一片繁忙的景象。主廠房正處在緊張的施工階段，中國水利水電第七工程局有限公司（以下簡稱「水電七局」）巴基斯坦卡洛特水電站項目部的工人們搭起雨篷，正在緊張地澆築混凝土。澆灌車轟隆作響，工程車輛往來穿梭。從廠房交通隧洞進到內部，一個直徑十數米的巨大圓環格外引人注目，這是未來發電的核心組件之一——水輪機蝸殼座環，它的成功安裝也是發電站機電部分開始安裝的重要標誌。

At the end of July, Pakistan entered into the rainy season. In the early morning, the resident of Karot Hydroelectric Power Station Project in Punjab Province witnessed a storm of rain falling from thick dark clouds. Despite such bad weather, the construction site still presented a scenario of furious productivity. The main plant was under intense construction, where workers of Karot Hydroelectric Power Station Project from Sinohydro Bureau 7 Co. Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Sinohydro Bureau 7) were busy with concrete placement after putting up awnings. As the concrete-mobiles were clattering, the construction vehicles crisscrossed at the site. As we walked from the traffic tunnel to the inside of the plant, a huge ring with a diameter of ten-plus meters was particularly eye-catching, which was one of the core components of future power generation--the stay ring and spiral casing of hydraulic turbine. Its successful installation is also an important symbol for the installation of the electromechanical part of the power station.

水電站建設情況

吉拉姆河流經卡洛特橋上游的拐角處，廠房就建在這裡一座被挖開山體100多米深的地方，從高空俯瞰，壩址所在處為吉拉姆河「幾」字形河灣的頭部位置，是建設水電站的黃金位置，能極大地縮減成本、降低施工難度。旁遮普（Punjab）意為「5條河」，而吉拉姆河是5河中最長的河流，混著泥沙的土黃色河水奔涌不息，從兩條山脈間穿越而過，見證了水電七局人在這裡奮鬥的1000多個日日夜夜。

The Jehlum River passes through the corner of the upper reaches of the Karot Bridge, where the plants were built more than 100 meters deep in a mountain that had been excavated. If we look down from high altitudes, the dam site is located at the top of the 「Ω」 shaped Jehlum river, which is the golden position for the construction of the hydroelectric power station, thus greatly reducing the costs and the construction difficulties. The word Punjab refers to 「five rivers」, of which the Jehlum River is the longest river. The turbid river mixed with mud rushed through the mountains and witnessed the 1,000 plus days and nights that the workers of Sinohydro Bureau 7 have spent here.

卡洛特水電站由三峽集團投資建設，總投資17.4億美元，總裝機容量720兆瓦，年發電量32.1億度，投產後將滿足300萬人的用電需求，是中巴經濟走廊框架下投資建設的首個水電站項目，也是巴基斯坦首個完全使用中國技術和中國標準建設的水電投資項目。這個經過了7年反覆調研、勘察的水電站，於2015年12月奠基宣布正式開工建設，計劃2021年3月實現併網發電。作為項目參建方之一，水電七局主要負責導流洞和廠房的建設。

The Karot Hydroelectric power Station is invested and constructed by the Three Gorges Corporation with a total investment of USD 1.74 billion, which has a total installed capacity of 720 megawatts and generates 3.21 billion kWh of electricity every year. Once the project is put into operation, it will meet the electricity demand of 3 million people. It is the first hydroelectric power station project invested under the framework of the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor, as well as the first hydroelectric power investment project in Pakistan that uses Chinese technologies and Chinese standards. This hydroelectric power project, which had been repeatedly investigated and surveyed for 7 years, broke ground and started construction officially in December 2015. It was originally planned to realize grid-connected power generation in March 2021. As one of the project participants, the Sinohydro Bureau 7 is mainly responsible for the construction of diversion tunnels and factories.

迎難而上 確保如期交卷

在廠房建設現場，記者見到了水電七局卡洛特水電站項目部副總工程師何洲海，「剛來時，這裡全是山脈，我們挖了300多萬土方出來，才形成現在的主廠房所在地。」何洲海回憶道，7月-9月是巴基斯坦的雨季，那時幾乎天天下雨，道路被雨水泥濘阻斷，開挖車輛無法到達施工點，工程進展尤為緩慢。而4月-6月是巴基斯坦最熱的季節，氣溫高達50攝氏度，現場作業是個巨大的考驗。

At the construction site of the plant, the reporter saw He Zhouhai, deputy chief engineer of the Karot Hydroelectric Power Station Project from Sinohydro Bureau 7 Co. Ltd. 「When we first arrived, it was all mountain ranges here. We dug more than 3 million cubic meters of earthwork before forming the current main plant location」. He Zhouhai recalled that it was the rainy season in Pakistan from July to September when it rained almost every day. The road would be blocked by rain cement, so the excavation vehicles could not reach the construction site, making it extremely hard for the project to make progress. April-June was the hottest season in Pakistan, with temperatures as high as 50 degrees Celsius when fieldwork became a huge test.

而對水電七局人來說，困難還遠不止這些。要在一個以歐美標準為主的國家建成第一個中國標準的水電站，在當地找到滿足中國標準要求的高質量材料就不是那麼簡單。

For the workers of Sinohydro Bureau 7, the difficulties were far more than that. To build the first hydroelectric power station with the first Chinese standards in a country dominated by European and American standards, it is not so easy to find high-quality materials that meet the requirement of the Chinese standards in the local area.

「我們用了一年多時間，才在當地找到能為我們生產中國標準材料的廠家。」何洲海告訴記者，開始，在發現本地材料不符合建設標準時，他們考慮從國內採購材料，但因徵收關稅後，價格要比國內翻一番，這將遠遠超出合同預算。不僅如此，當地人時間觀念薄弱，辦事拖拉，供貨常常被拖延，加之當地工人流動性大、隨意性強，這對當地員工占70%以上、土方開挖階段甚至高達90%以上的項目來說，無疑是一個很大的挑戰。

「It took us more than a year to find a local manufacturer that could produce the materials with Chinese standard for us.」 He Zhouhai told reporters that at the beginning, when they found that local materials failed to meet the construction standards, they considered purchasing materials from China. But the price would be doubled that of China due to the tariffs, which would far exceed the contract budget. In addition, the local people’s time concept was so weak that delay in handling matters led to delay in providing supply, compounded by highly mobile local workers who often did things arbitrarily. It was undoubtedly a big challenge for such a project where local employees made up 70% of the total workers and even more than 90% in the earthwork excavation.

作業隊隊長黃忠也表示，在海外做工程從來不是一件容易的事，回想上一個項目——高摩贊水電站，他感覺自己簡直在生死邊緣走了一遭，至今想來還後怕不已。高摩贊位於臨近巴基斯坦與阿富汗邊界，因被綁架的兩名中國工程師犧牲了一名後被迫中斷了兩年，即使後來巴方派了邊防軍保護，也有幾名當地員工曾被綁架過。他回憶說，當時甚至有一枚炮彈在他們的休息營地炸開。

Huang Zhong, the leader of the operation team, also said that it was never an easy task to do engineering abroad. When he recalled the last project, Gomal Zam Hydroelectric Power Station, he still felt that he had just walked on the edge of life and death with a panic fear. Gomal Zam is located near the border between Pakistan and Afghanistan. The project was interrupted for two years as two Chinese engineers were kidnapped and one of them was killed. Even after the Pakistani side sent border guards to protect them, several local employees were once kidnapped. He recalled that there was even a shell that exploded in their rest camp at that time.

為保證卡洛特水電站項目按照計劃進行，水電七局的工程師們不斷優化調整施工方案，加強與巴方員工的溝通交流，項目建設逐漸走向正軌。項目部經理助理兼工程管理部主任任志民告訴記者，與國內干工程不同的是，這裡的項目設計方案隨時可能因為施工環境的變化而作出調整，施工方必須與設計方一直保持密切溝通協調，減少圖紙修改和再審批環節時間。

In order to ensure that the Karot Hydropower Project could be carried out according to the plan, the engineers of Sinohydro Bureau 7 kept optimizing and adjusting the construction plans and strengthening communication with the Pakistani employees, placing the project construction on the right track. Ren Zhimin, Assistant Manager of the Project Department and Director of the Engineering Management Department, told the reporter that the project design plan here might be adjusted at any time due to changes in the construction environment, which was different from the domestic projects. The construction party must maintain close communication and coordination with the design side in order to reduce the time for modification and re-approval of drawings.

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國內統一連續出版物號：CN51-1788/F

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