本文為公眾號Roc_English原創文章,侵權必究!
英語中存在一類詞語,叫做"情態動詞"(Modal verbs)。情態動詞在英語中非常普遍,通常用來描述"能力"(Ability)、"可能性"(Possibilities)、"責任義務"(Obligations)、"許可"(Permission)等。
注意事項
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1.情態動詞不隨主語人稱以及數量而改變;
2.情態動詞的否定與疑問形式不需要助動詞do。
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表示能力的情態動詞有can,以及其過去式could。
1.1 Can
Can表示能力時位於主語之後以及謂語動詞之前,表示"某人能做某事"如:
I can drive a car.
我會開車。
He can speak English and Japanese.
他會說英語和日語。
1.2 Can't / cannot
Can的否定形式為can't或cannot(注意cannot應該連在一起拼寫,而不能分開拼寫為can not)Can't / cannot位於主語之後以及謂語動詞之前,表示"某人不能做某事"如:
I can't / cannot play football.
我不會踢足球。
She can't / cannot lift the bag.
她搬不動這個包。
1.3 Could
Could是can的過去式,用來描述過去的能力,後接動詞原形。這時往往會有一個表示時間的詞語、短語甚至時間狀語從句來說明過去的時間。如:
I could dance really well when I was a little girl.
在我小的時候,我跳舞很棒的。
She could swim for 5 hours without break last summer.
去年夏天的時候她可以不休息連續游泳5個小時。
Could的否定形式是Couldn't,位於主語和謂語動詞之間。如:
When I was younger, I couldn't play the piano at all.
我以前根本不會彈鋼琴。
My brother couldn't speak English very well, but he can talk with foreigners in English fluently now.
我哥哥以前英語說得並不好,但是他現在可以和外國人流利地交談。
1.4 will be able to表示將來的能力
當我們需要表述"某人在將來擁有的能力"時,應該怎麼表達?比如,"如果你努力學習,將來就能把英語說得非常好。"這個時候我們就需要用到will be able to do sth.這裡的be able to同樣表示"能力"。
If you study hard, you will be able to speak English well.
如果你努力學習,你將來就能把英語說好。
If I don't read the book, I won't be able to give a presentation about its story.
如果我不讀一讀這本書,那我就不能把書中的故事講出來。
【注意,這裡的won't be able to也可以說will be unable to,但後者並不常用。】
2.1 can是一個最為常見的被用來表示"許可、請求以及提供"的情態動詞。
Can I have some water?
我能喝些水嗎?
Can I borrow your bike?
我能借用一下你的自行車嗎?
Can I help you clean the house?
需不需要我幫你打掃房間?
2.2 could用在正式場合,比如商務場合,或者用在與陌生人交談時。
Excuse me, could I take this seat, please?
打擾一下,我能坐在這裡嗎?
Could you turn off the computer, please?
你能關一下電腦嗎?
2.3 may是一個僅用於正式場合表示"許可、請求以及提供"的情態動詞。
May I reserve a table for 6pm tomorrow?
我能預訂一個明天下午6點的桌子嗎?
May I take your luggage?
我能為你拿行李嗎?
2.4 shall用於提供建議。
Shall I close the door?
我要不要關上門?
Shall we go swimming tomorrow?
我們明天要不要去游泳?
2.5 will用來表示請求
Will you tell me about the meeting?
你能不能跟我說一下會議的情況?
Would是will的過去式,但使用would表示請求時語氣往往更加委婉。
Would you help me with the bag?
你能不能幫我拿一下包?
3.1 should用來提建議的程度或語氣較為強烈。
It's very cold outside. You should wear more clothes.
外邊很冷,你應該多穿點衣服。
You are sick. You shouldn't go to work today.
你生病了,就不要去上班了。
Which T-shirt should I wear? They both are cool.
我應該穿那件T恤衫,兩件都很酷。
3.2 ought to和should的用法一樣,也可以用來提建議。ought to比should更加正式,但並不常用,而且ought to不用於否定句或疑問句。
You ought to take your ID card with you every day.
你應該每天都帶上你的身份證。
3.3 could用來提建議時的語氣較弱,僅僅是提供了一種可能性或者解決某一問題的一個選項,這種建議並不是必要採取的。
A: I don't like my computer.
我不喜歡我的電腦。
B: Well, you could buy a new one!
那你就買台新的吧。
有時候,當我們使用could提建議的時候,會提供多個選項,並用or來連接。
If you like sports, you could play basketball or go swimming.
如果你喜歡運動,你可以打籃球,也可以游泳。
3.4 must也可以用來表達建議,而且其語氣非常強烈。
You must pay attention to the instruction when you visit the museum.
你參觀博物館的時候必須注意說明。
按照建議語氣的強烈程度可將上述語氣助詞從弱到強如下排序:
Could – Should - Ought to – Must
3.5 其他表示建議的表達方式:
If I were you, I would do sth. 如果我是你,我將會…
If I were you, I would buy the white shirt.
如果我是你的話,我會買這件白色的襯衫。
Had better do sth.
You had better take an umbrella.
你最好帶上傘。
4.1在英語中,must和have to經常被用來談論責任與義務。而must表示主觀上的"必須",have to表示客觀上的"必須"
I must have a rest.
我必須得休息一下了。
I have to go to work on Saturday to make up the time. I didn't work on Wednesday.
我必須在周六補個班,因為我周三沒上班。
4.2 must not表示某事是"不被允許的",而don't have to則表示"不必要的或沒有義務的"。
You must not touch the button without permission.
沒有得到允許你不能碰這個按鈕。
【在沒有許可的情況下禁止做某事】
You don't have to work overtime today.
你今天不必加班。
【雖然沒有義務,但也可以做某事】
4.3 表示"將來時"和"過去時"的責任與義務
無論是肯定還是否定,我們都只能用have to來形成"將來時"的責任與義務,即will have to(肯定)和will not have to(否定),"過去時"的責任與義務,即had to(肯定)和didn't have to(否定)。
In the future, I think everyone will have to speak English.
我認為在將來每個人都必須說英語。
One day, I hope that I will not have to go to work.
我希望將來有一天我不必去工作。
Last year, I had to get up before 5 am to catch up the first bus to work.
去年的時候,我每天早上不得不在5點之前就起床,以便趕上第一趟公交去上班。
In the past, women didn't have to go to school.
在過去,婦女不必去上學。
這裡所說的邏輯減弱是指在確定性上有所減弱,即某些事情變成了可能會發生。
5.1 might和could往往討論事情得不確定性。
It might / could be raining today, so you should take an umbrella.
今天可能會下雨,所以帶上傘吧。
【今天是否下雨不確定,只是有可能會下雨】
5.2 Might not和could not表示某事"可能不"發生。
Jack is very tired, so he might / could not come to the party.
Jack非常累,所以他有可能不會來參加party.
5.3 cannot或can't表示某事"不可能"發生。
Roc can't be in Beijing, I talked with him just now.
Roc不可能在北京,我剛剛還和他說話了。
5.4 對於"過去的事情"的推測
Must have done用於對過去的事情進行肯定推測,即"過去某事一定發生了"
Someone must have cleaned the room. It's very tidy.
房間非常整潔,一定是有人打掃過了。
Might / may / could have done用於對過去的事情進行不確定推測,即"過去某事可能發生了"
Someone must have cleaned the room. It might have been Roc.
一定是有人打掃過了房間。有可能是Roc。
Can't / couldn't have done用於對過去的事情進行否定推測,即"過去某事一定沒發生過"
Someone must have cleaned the room. It can't have been Roc.
一定是有人打掃過了房間,但肯定不是Roc。
6.1 "現在"的可能性:might + 動詞原形
I can't recognize him. He might be Mr. Roc.
我認不出他了,有可能是Roc先生吧。
6.2 "過去"的可能性:might /may / could + have done
My computer isn't working. It might / may / could have been out of juice.
我的電腦不能用了,可能是沒有電了吧。
6.3 "將來"的可能性:might + 動詞原形 + 將來的時間
Roc might not go traveling next month.
下個月Roc有可能不會去旅遊了。
到此,常用情態動詞的用法就講解完畢。我們在使用的過程中需要根據語氣、程度以及時間的不同進行具體分析。