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理解主旨和要義
——段落大意題和全文大意題
一、段落大意題
常見的設問方式
1. What's the main idea of the first / second / ... paragraph?
2. Paragraph 1 / 2 / ... focuses on / is mainly about _____.
3. What is stressed / does the author stress in Paragraph 1 / 2 / ...?
4. What is the key message of the first / second / ... paragraph?
5. What does the first / second / ... paragraph mainly discuss? / What is the first / second / ... paragraph mainly about?
解題技巧
段落大意題主要考查考生對某一段落的理解程度及把握該段落在整個語篇中所起作用的能力，一般針對該段落的主旨或目的設題。做這類題的關鍵在於抓住該段落的內容要點。常用的技巧有：
1. 尋找主題句。有的文章中段落的主題句在段首或段尾。這類文章一般段內層次較為 分明，多採用「總——分」或「分——總」結構。但有時主題句會出現在段落的中間，這時段落結構一般是：細節——主題——細節。要把握住段落的邏輯結構，就要特別關注段落內起過渡作用的詞彙，如however, but, and, also, for example, in conclusion, on the contrary等。
2. 通過關鍵詞概括。有些段落沒有明確的主題句，需要考生依據已知的細節自己歸納段落大意。這時可通過略讀篩選出最能表達作者意圖的關鍵詞，進而確定作者要表達的真正意思。
二、全文大意題
常見的設問方式
1. What is the text mainly about?
2. What's the main idea of the text?
3. What does the author mainly discuss in the text?
4. The text mainly deals with _____.
5. The passage is mainly about _____.
6. The author writes the text mainly to _____.
解題技巧
全文大意題考查考生能否分辨主題和細節，是否具有提綱挈領的能力。做這類題時，要求考生能理解全文細節，然後運用概括、判斷、歸納、推理等邏輯方法對文章進行總結。常用的技巧有：
1. 尋找主題句。文章的主題句通常出現在文章第一段或最後一段，而有些文章的主題句需要通過歸納總結每段的段落大意獲得。
2. 抓住高頻詞。選項形式為一兩個單詞或一個短語時，文中被反覆提到的概念或名稱多是正確選項。
3. 看選項特點。正確選項通常不含表示絕對意義的詞，而且不能只是概括某個細節或表述局部觀點，也不能包括文章沒有提及的內容。
三、真題分析
以下內容均選編自高考真題，我們將結合上面提到的解題技巧對各題進行分析解答。
A
Terrafugia Inc. said Monday that its new flying car has completed its first flight, bringing the company closer to its goal of selling the flying car within the next year. The vehicle — named the Transition — has two seats, four wheels and wings that fold up so it can be driven like a car. The Transition, which flew at 1,400 feet for eight minutes last month, can reach around 70 miles per hour on the road and 115 in the air. It flies using a 23-gallon tank of gas and burns 5 gallons per hour in the air. On the ground, it gets 35 miles per gallon.
Around 100 people have already put down a $10,000 deposit to get a Transition when they go on sale, and those numbers will likely rise after Terrafugia introduces the Transition to the public later this week at the New York Auto Show. But don't expect it to show up in too many driveways. It’s expected to cost $279,000. And it won't help if you're stuck in traffic. The car needs a runway.
Inventors have been trying to make flying cars since the 1930s, according to Robert Mann, an airline industry expert. But Mann thinks Terrafugia has come closer than anyone to making the flying car a reality. The government has already permitted the company to use special materials to make it easier for the vehicle to fly. The Transition is now going through crash tests to make sure it meets federal safety standards.
Mann said Terrafugia was helped by the Federal Aviation Administration's decision five years ago to create a separate set of standards for light sport aircraft, which are lower than those for pilots of larger planes. Terrafugia says an owner would need to pass a test and complete 20 hours of flying time to be able to fly the Transition, a requirement pilots would find relatively easy to meet.
1. What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A. The basic data of the Transition.
B. The advantages of flying cars.
C. The potential market for flying cars.
D. The designers of the Transition.
（節選自2017年全國卷II閱讀理解C篇）
【分析】
本文是一篇新聞報道。文章主要介紹了國外一家公司研發飛行汽車的最新進展。
解答本題需運用「通過關鍵詞概括」法。本段提到了飛行汽車的兩個座位、四個輪子以及車翼、飛行速度、油耗等情況。根據這些細節我們可歸納出該段是在介紹飛行汽車Transition的基本數據，故選A項。
B
After years of heated debate, gray wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park. Fourteen wolves were caught in Canada and transported to the park. By last year, the Yellowstone wolf population had grown to more than 170 wolves.
Gray wolves once were seen here and there in the Yellowstone area and much of the continental United States, but they were gradually displaced by human development. By the 1920s, wolves had practically disappeared from the Yellowstone area. They went farther north into the deep forests of Canada, where there were fewer humans around.
The disappearance of the wolves had many unexpected results. Deer and elk populations — major food sources (來源) for the wolf — grew rapidly. These animals consumed large amounts of vegetation (植被), which reduced plant diversity in the park. In the absence of wolves, coyote populations also grew quickly. The coyotes killed a large percentage of the park's red foxes, and completely drove away the park's beavers.
As early as 1966, biologists asked the government to consider reintroducing wolves to Yellowstone Park. They hoped that wolves would be able to control the elk and coyote problems. Many farmers opposed the plan because they feared that wolves would kill their farm animals or pets.
The government spent nearly 30 years coming up with a plan to reintroduce the wolves. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service carefully monitors and manages the wolf packs in Yellowstone. Today, the debate continues over how well the gray wolf is fitting in at Yellowstone. Elk, deer, and coyote populations are down, while beavers and red foxes have made a comeback. The Yellowstone wolf project has been a valuable experiment to help biologists decide whether to reintroduce wolves to other parts of the country as well.
2. What is the text mainly about?
A. Wildlife research in the United States.
B. Plant diversity in the Yellowstone area.
C. The conflict between farmers and gray wolves.
D. The reintroduction of wolves to Yellowstone Park.
（節選自2017年全國卷III閱讀理解C篇）
【分析】
本文是一篇說明文。文章主要介紹了灰狼被重新引入黃石國家公園。
解答本題可運用「尋找主題句」法。文章第一段第一句即為主題句。接下來的第二、三、四、五段講述了重新將灰狼引入黃石國家公園的原因及過程。第二段主要講以前在黃石地區隨處可見的灰狼消失了。第三段講灰狼的消失引發了一系列生態問題。第四段講生物學家建議政府考慮重新將灰狼引入黃石公園，但附近農場主反對。第五段講政府花了近30年的時間研究計劃重新引入狼群，此案例對其它地區也有借鑑意義，故本題的正確答案為D項。