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名詞
一、名詞的種類
二、名詞的數
1. 有些名詞單複數同形，如aircraft, goldfish, sheep, Swiss, means, species。
2. 有些名詞形式上是單數，但卻表示複數意義，如cattle, audience, public, staff。
3. 有些名詞的複數形式有特殊的變化，如child children, foot feet, tooth teeth, mouse mice, medium media。
4. 復合名詞變複數形式有三種情況：
（1）將最後一部分變為複數，如theatre-goers, fire-engines, grown-ups。
（2）將主體名詞變為複數，如editors-in-chief, runners-up。
（3）將兩部分皆變為複數，這種復合名詞中的第一個名詞須是man或woman，如men servants, women doctors。
三、名詞所有格
1. 『s所有格：主要用於表示人或較高級動物的名詞後，如John’s office。也可用於一些表示無生命的東西的名詞後，如yesterday’s newspaper。
注意：’s所有格所修飾的名詞的省略：
（1）’s所有格所修飾的名詞如之前已出現，則可以省略。如：
This is not my dictionary, but Bill’s.
（2）’s所有格後的名詞如指商店、家等地點時，該名詞常省略。如：
He went into a stationer’s to buy a ruler.
He had to go to his sister’s for dinner.
（3）有些教堂、宮殿、醫院、學院等名稱前有’s所有格時，該名稱可省略。如：
St. Paul’s = St. Paul’s Cathedral 聖保羅大教堂
Guy’s = Guy’s Hospital 蓋伊醫院
2. of所有格：
（1）用於無生命的東西，如the title of the book, the door of the house。
（2）用於名詞化的詞，如the livelihood of the poor。
（3）用於修飾語較多時，如the very long and graceful tail of the old black cat。
（4）用於代詞或數詞後，如some of the books, five of the top financial experts。
3. 雙重所有格：由「of +名詞的’s所有格」或「of +名詞性物主代詞」構成，如a friend of Mark’s, that lovely dog of hers。
四、名詞的功用
名詞在句中可以作主語、賓語、表語、主語補足語、賓語補足語、定語、同位語、狀語等。
高考連結
用括號內單詞的正確形式填空。
1. Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 which showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause).
2. This switch has decreased ________ (pollute) in the country’s major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.
3. I』m a ________ (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.
4. Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.
Key: 1. causes 2. pollution 3. scientist 4. dishes
好評過萬的英語語法課：
1. 視頻課程，適合初中生、高中生以及英語初學者。
2. 共30節，課程涉及初高中基礎語法知識：英語的詞性、英語短語以及句子結構。
3. 摒棄理論化教學，通俗易懂，注重效果。
冠詞
一、不定冠詞a(n)
1. 主要用在可數名詞單數前，表示：
（1）「一個」（意思接近one）。如：
He is an Englishman, with an Irish wife.
（2）「某一個」（= a certain, 仍可譯為「一個」）。如：
We arrived in England on a cold wet Sunday in 1963.
（3）某類人或物。如：
Ben doesn』t seem to be a particularly able person.
2. 用在抽象名詞或物質名詞前，表示「一種，一類」等。如：
What a shame he couldn』t be there to receive the prize!
Most plants won』t grow in a soil that contains too much sand.
3. 用在序數詞前，表示序數詞並無與其他事物一一排比的含義。如：
Can you give me a second chance?
4. 用在專有名詞前，表示「一位，一個，某位，某個」或「……式的人」。如：
There’s a Mr. Alex Murray asking to see you.
Already he is being described as a young Albert Einstein.
5. 用在某些固定短語中，如all of a sudden, as a matter of fact, as a result, for a while, at a disadvantage。
二、定冠詞the
1. 用於特指一定的人或事物或上下文提到的人或事物。
2. 用在表示世界上獨一無二的事物的名詞前。
3. 用在由普通名詞構成的專有名詞前以及表示江、河、湖、海、山川、群島等的名詞前。
4. 用在序數詞前、形容詞最高級前或用於特指「兩者中較……的一個」。
5. 用在表示姓氏的複數名詞前，指全家人或全家人中的一些人，如夫婦倆。
6. 用在表示年代、朝代、時代的名詞前。
7. 用在某些固定短語中，如to tell the truth, by the way, on the contrary, in the middle of。
三、零冠詞（不用冠詞）
1. 名詞前有this, that, these, those, some, no或形容詞性物主代詞時用零冠詞。
2. 用在表示季節、月份、星期、節日、一日三餐的名詞前，以及表示體育運動項目、學科、運輸或通訊方式等的名詞前。
3. 用在專有名詞、物質名詞、抽象名詞和表示人名、地名等的名詞前。
4. 用在作表語、同位語等的表示身份或職務的名詞前。
5. 用在某些固定短語中，如catch fire, lose face, at home, by heart, in place of, make use of。
高考連結
用適當的冠詞填空。
1. Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.
2. Unexpectedly, I』m face-to-face with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.
3. As ________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.
4. This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over ________ top.
Key: 1. the 2. the 3. a 4. the
名詞、冠詞專項練習
I. 用括號內單詞的正確形式填空。
1. If a houseplant is given too much water, its lower ________ (leaf ) turn yellow.
2. I caught several ________ (fish) in the lake yesterday.
3. On our trip in the mountainous countryside, we saw some ________ (wolf ), ________ (fox), ________ (deer) and wild ________ (sheep).
4. The music building at the university has 27 ________ (piano). Students need to sign up for practice times.
5. Thunder and lightning are ________ (phenomenon) of nature.
6. People get most of their news about the world through the mass ________ (medium) that is, through radio, television, the Internet, newspapers, and magazines.
II. 用適當的冠詞（a, an, the或不填）完成下面短文。
Sometimes, names can be confusing in 1. ________ different languages. Much to 2. ________ confusion of many English learners, Europa is not 3. ________ name of 4. ________ continent, but rather 5. ________ moon which orbits Jupiter (木星). And although many people have never heard of it, it is 6. ________ especially important moon. Scientists have discovered that 7. ________ surface is entirely covered with 8. ________ ice, but researchers hope that beneath 9. ________ frozen layer lies an ocean. Nobody knows if the center of the moon is frozen solid or if it is 10. ________ liquid water.
If some vast, undiscovered ocean does exist, it would be 11. ________ cold and harsh environment. However, some scientists believe that life might exist there just like it does at 12. ________ bottom of Earth’s oceans. Some say that the only way to find out is to send a probe (探測器) to drill down into the ice and see what’s there. Such 13. ________ mission would be 14. ________ expensive project indeed.
責編 | 楊寧
審稿 | 李棟
校稿 | 呂放
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